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Chapter 1: Scientific Literacy Defined Quiz
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There are many definitions for Scientific Literacy; however, it is best defined by describing skills, aptitudes and abilities. As a scientifically literate freshman STEM major, which of the following skills, aptitudes or abilities would least assist you in successfully completing your college STEM major?
The answer is “d.” Answer “d” best describes a form of civic scientific literacy. Civic scientific literacy is a type of literacy needed for a civilian to make knowledgably scientific decisions in society. For pre and early college STEM majors, utilitarian scientific literacy is needed. Utilitarian scientific literacy is the literacy needed to be a successful STEM major, which includes being able to critically think, evaluate evidence, discourse and work in teams.
Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist, developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important to learning. Which answer depicts that six levels of intellectual behavior from the lowest level to the most complex abstract mental level?
The answer is “d”. Please review lecture slide three in the Scientific Literacy Defined lectures slide series.
If a group of scientist development and designed a new cell phone, this would probably be classified at what level of intellectual behavior according to Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy?
The answer is “e.” Any time something new is developed or designed it is created. Creating is the highest level of intellectual behavior according to Bloom’s Taxonomy.
There is a pattern to the following series of numbers “3, 6, 12, 24, 48, __.” In this series of numbers, what number follows 48? After you determine what number follows 48, please answer the following question. What was the highest cognitive intellectual behavior within Bloom Taxonomy did you use to answer the above question?
The answer is “c” analyzed, because analytical cognitive skills involve comparing, contrasting and calculating. To determine that the next number in the series was 96, you had to compare numbers in the series and realize that each number doubled, then calculate 2 times 48 which equals 96.
Suppose you have finished an undergraduate degree in a given STEM discipline, and you are now interested in developing your knowledge base and philosophical skills to the highest degree possible. You desire to be able to pursue wisdom, engage in thought experiments, logically reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways. What would be the best path for you to accomplish your goal?
The answer is “a.” Many individuals believe that to be a real scientist, you need a Ph.D. In a Ph.D. graduate program, students are required to complete a dissertation which is a long essay about a research project conducted by the student. Writing a dissertation requires years of full time research, critical analysis and investigation which inherently develops a student’s critical thinking skills which are required to be an accomplished scientist. See the last slide in your Lecture Slides titled “Beyond Scientific Literacy: Ph.D.”
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Chapter 2: Why Scientific Literacy is Important Quiz
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As a student that is in the beginning stages of starting a college STEM major, why is it extremely important to increase your level of utilitarian scientific literacy?
The answer is “d.” In slide four of the Lecture Slides for this chapter, a list of scientific literacy activities are given that explain why scientific literacy is important. Answers a and b are included in this list. If you have read and paid close attention to the answer notes in each chapter, you should recall that in the first question asked in Chapter One titled Scientific Literacy Defined, the difference between civic and utilitarian scientific literacy was described. Civic scientific literacy involves civic and social issues, and utilitarian scientific literacy involves skills that are utilized to be a successful STEM major. Consequently, answer “c” above is incorrect, because it deals with civic scientific literacy and not utilitarian scientific literacy.
A statement in the lecture was made to suggest that increasing your memorization skills does not necessarily increase your critical thinking skills, just like increasing your muscular strength does not necessarily increase your skill level in a particular sport. If this statement is true, then is it only important to increase the cognitive skill of critical thinking for you to be successful in college.
The answer is “e”. In answer “a” the non-cognitive skills of maturity and verbal communication are important for success. Non-cognitive skills are not easily measure, but greatly influence the overall behavior and success of a person. On the contrary, cognitive skills which can be measured are underlying brain skills to include memorizing in answer “b”. Consequently, answer “c” is obviously not correct. There are even sporting activities that you can become very good at, that will contribute minimally to your muscular strength and endurance, like throwing darts. Finally, “d’ is also incorrect. It takes a vast knowledge base to be a Ph.D. In summary the term cognition is an umbrella term for your learning skills. You need to develop good cognitive and non-cognitive skills to ensure success.
Which of the following statements are true?
The answer is “d”. These correct answers are taken from the last two Lecture Slides in this chapter.
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Chapter 3: Scientific Literacy and College Retention Quiz
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A college had 1,000 incoming freshman and only 50% of these students met the benchmark score of 22 on the math ACT. Which of the following graphs would probably most closely represent the college math grades of those students that met the benchmark in math by scoring 22 or higher on the ACT?
The answer is “a.” Fifty percent of 1,000 students meeting the benchmark of 22 equals 500 students. If 500 students met the benchmark, then only half (50%) of these 500 students will probably make a “B” or better, equaling 250 (i.e. 500 ÷ 2 = 250). Only in figure “B” are 250 students making a B or better (i.e. 150 make a B and 100 students make an A).
If a college had 1,000 incoming freshmen and none of the students met the benchmark score of 22 on the math ACT, then how many students would you predict would earn a “B” or better in a freshman level calculus course.
The answer is “b.” Only half of the students that make the math benchmark of 22 will make a “B” or better. Since none of these entering freshman made the math benchmark, then you would predict that the majority of students (i.e. over 50%), will not make a “B” or better.
A controversial study suggested one reason why Asian American students may do better in college is because Asian American students
The answer is “c.” A study was conducted that suggested that Asian American students often mix their social life with their academic life, which promotes studying in teams.
Of the five listed statements below, which statement has not been attributed to helping increase retention?
The answer is “e.”
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Chapter 4: Growth Mindset
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Which of the following statements is not true?
The answer is “e.” Smart has nothing to do with having a fixed or growth mindset. However people with fixed mindsets think that you have a given level of intelligence and your intelligence does not change with time. This is simply not true a person’s intelligence (or how smart they are) can change over time.
The ability to successfully do calculus is a learned set of skills that can be influenced by mindset. Why is this statement true?
The answer is “e.” Each of the above statements is true.
Mindset becomes very important when a student is faced with problems. For example, suppose a student scored a 70% on a test when he/she expected to score at least a 90%. A student with a fixed mindset may choose to find out how many students scored less than 70% in order to make himself/herself feel a little better about his/her ability and standing in the class. However, a student with a growth mindset would chose to focus on how many scored above 90% as an inspiration to personally score higher the next time. In this example, why would you suppose a growth mindset student who scored 70% would have a better chance of scoring higher on future tests than a fixed mindset student who scored 70%?
The answer is “e.” When faced with challenges like not performing as well as one would desire on a test, a fixed mindset student would not view this setback as a welcomed challenge, but may see it as a negative reflection of his/her ability, feel threatened because others could perform well and he/she could not, get stressed by these false ideas and chose to withdraw from others to hid their perceived inadequacies. However a growth mindset student would embrace the challenge, persist in the setback, and seek support from others which would ultimate result in a greater level of success than a student with a fixed mindset.
Working hard, receiving constructive criticism and continuously evaluating and improving upon the strategies one uses to learn, is a growth mindset that will lead to one’s goal of becoming a successful scientists.
The answer is “b.” Working hard and working smart, leads to success. Two ways to insure you are always working smart are to: 1) honestly evaluate what you are doing and change your strategies when you find a better way to accomplish your goals; and 2) be open to receive constructive criticism and incorporate the advice as appropriate. Constructive criticism only discourages someone with a fixed mindset, because they feel a person is attacking their ability. Growth mindset students understand that constructive criticism is designed to help them construct a better strategy for success.
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Chapter 5: How the Discovery Process Works I Quiz
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In the lecture a fictional story was given to suggest that research on a biological cell was like reverse engineering. This statement has been make because
The answer is “d.” The answer “c” is not the concept that is being conveyed when Dr. Muldrow is using the term reverse engineering to describe how research in biological systems are be conducted. It is true that sophisticated instrumentation is being used to elucidate the structure and function of cells, but the idea of reverse engineering is used as a ‘fictional’ explanation to convey the point that biological cells are extremely complicated, and scientist are trying to understand its structure and function.
If you were a professor at a college and you were given the assignment of designing a curriculum for a major in cell biology that undergraduate students can pursue, which of the following courses would you feel are absolutely needed in this curriculum to give students a basic foundation to ultimately become cell biologists.
The answer is “d.” Students would obviously need course work in cell biology if they desire to become cell biologists. In the lecture “How the Discovery Process Works,” it was clearly demonstrated that one must have an understanding of biochemistry to understand how the cell works at a molecular level. However, biochemistry is usually an advanced level chemistry course. Students would also need basic course work in general chemistry to allow them to understand biochemistry. Finally, mathematics is required, because math is the language of science and a foundation in math is required for chemistry, biochemistry and biology. For example, in lecture there was a brief discussion about research on the succinate dehydrogenase reaction, and the phrase “enzyme kinetics” was used. Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rate of chemical reactions caused by enzymes. Studying the rate or speed of anything requires mathematics.
In the discipline of cell biology, it was indicated that thousands of scientists have worked over many decades to develop the current anatomical and biochemical knowledge of how cells work. In other areas of biology such as microbiology, botany, genetics, evolutionary biology, neurobiology, marine biology and molecular biology (just to mention a few), what would be your speculation as it relates to the development of the current knowledge base in each of these areas.
The answer is “e.” Inherently all of these biological systems and disciplines are extremely complicated, wondrously sophisticated and function at the molecular and biochemical level. It has taken and will continue to take thousands of scientists, many decades to understand each of these life sciences. In addition, biology was present long before man walked on the face of earth, and man has taken on the task of figuring out how biological systems work (a kind of reverse engineering).
Physicists and engineers working with biologist developed electron microscopes. What impact did the development of electron microscopes have in how the discovery processed worked in the discipline of cell biology.
The answer is “d.” As scientists were better able to see detailed structures within cells, they were better able to conduct research experiments that correlated structure and function. However, the electron microscope cannot directly see biochemical reactions such as the Krebs Cycle. Biochemical reactions within a cell are not simply organized in a sequential manner as illustrated in the last two power point slides of this chapter. These sequential biochemical pathways could only be illustrated in this manner after decades of research was conducted by thousands of chemist, biochemist, molecular biologist and cell biologists.
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Chapter 6: How the Discovery Process Works II Quiz
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The historical research and development involved in the creation of the cell phone could best be describes as
The answer is “e.” Hand-held mobile radio telephone service was first envisioned in 1917 in the early stages of radio engineering. However it took decades of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary technological developments, as well as miniaturization for aerospace applications, before the modern cell phone was finally developed.
If you were interested in pursuing a career in theoretical physics, what areas of study would you need to be proficient in?
The answer is “d.” Proficiency in mathematics and physics are obvious. Proficiency in specific computer science applications are also required because theoretical physics use computers for mathematical calculations and theoretical modeling.
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Chapter 7: The Scientific Method Quiz
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Which of the following correctly outlines the scientific method?
The answer is “b.” The scientific method in this lecture has been described with five basic steps. These five steps are outlined in slides 2 and 5 in your Lecture Slides for this Chapter. As you examine these two different slides, different words have been used to describe the five steps; however, the steps are the same. This question simply used words from both slides 2 and 5 to outline the scientific method.
Which of the following is a hypothesis statement(s)?
The answer is “e.” A hypothesis statement is a prediction or an educated guess that can be tested. In answer “a” the hypothesis statement is a prediction about what someone thinks will happen to bacterial growth by changing temperature. This is an example of a hypotheses statement because it uses the tentative word “may.” In answers “b, c and d” a formalized hypothesis is written. The ultimate value of formalized hypothesis is it forces you to think about what results you should look for in an experiment. These examples contain the words, if and then. Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. One is “independent” and the other is “dependent.” The independent variable is the one you, the scientist control and the dependent variable is the one that you observe and/or measure the results. For example, if the volume of a gas (dependent variable) is related to temperature (independent variable), then increasing the temperature will increase the volume.
Which of the following statements are not true?
The answer is “a” because explanations of why and how specific natural phenomenon may occur is part of the definition of a theory. It is true that theories are constantly changing with new research; however, the word fact is usually not used in scientific explanations, because the word fact implies that you are absolutely certain about something and it is indisputable.
Suppose you made an interesting observation that created all kinds of questions in your mind and you were interested in collecting additional scientific knowledge to further understand this natural occurrence. You developed a great hypothesis; however, you could not figure out how to set up appropriate experiments to test your hypothesis. This would imply that
The answer is “d.” If you cannot appropriately test your observation then you cannot get good empirical data. The word empirical means your data is based on experiments. Also it could simple be that you could not develop appropriate experiments because you were not creative enough. In this situation it may help to collaborate with other scientist, sometimes two head are better than one. Finally, “b” is not correct because an observation is simply an observation. Even if the observation is biased, this would not necessarily mean you would not be able to set up a hypothesis and accept or reject it.
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Chapter 8: Research Simulation Case Studies Quiz
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A Research Simulation Case Study …
The answer is “e.”
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Chapter 9: Careers in STEM Quiz
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Which of the following statements about STEM jobs are NOT true?
The answer is “e” all of the above are true.
Job security is great, there is lots of freedom and visibility, but most people do not understand your job description usually includes being a research scientist. This sentence describes an occupation as a…
The answer is “d.” Freedom, job security and visibility are great for faculty members that work in the university academic setting. However, most of the non-science population in the U.S. does not realize that a major responsibility of faculty members is to write grants, receive funding and conduct original research. In fact, most of the scientific discoveries and technological advancements come from universities.
If you were asked to give a presentation in a junior high school physical science class about why you should pursue a college degree in STEM, which of the following items would you probably not include in your presentation?
The answer is “c.” It is true that 71% of future STEM jobs will be in computing; however, all STEM students are not required to take computer science courses, other than general core curriculum courses in which all students (STEM and non-STEM) must take.
Of the following five items, which three are most important for you in your future career: 1) job security; 2) freedom; 3) visibility; 4) high paying salary; and/or 5) the description of what you do? After selecting the three most important items please refer to the table titled “The STEM Big Picture” in the last slide in your Lecture Slides for Chapter Eight. Based on your three most important items you selected, which career type would probably be most fulfilling to you.
The answer you should have chosen is “b” or “c.” As you examine the ‘The STEM Big Picture’ table to have a high paying career with security, freedom, visibility and do what you want you should pursue a Ph.D.
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Chapter 10: Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Quiz
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Universities are in the business of
The answer is “e” all of the above.
The real reason Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) students were created does not include which of the following.
The answer is “d.” A stipend in not pay to encourage a student to work hard in a job. A stipend is a fixed sum of money paid to defray expenses. The purpose of the stipend is to provide living expenses and income for students as they participate in this professional development opportunity. The REU is an opportunity for a student, and hard work is expected. In fact, many undergraduate students have volunteered to conduct research in a laboratory without receiving a stipend or any kind of monetary compensation.
There are several summer research internships in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Excellence. The research project that the students will conduct during the summer will involve mathematically predicting the physical flow properties of blood through artificial hearts. The faculty mentors over these internship positions are looking for students who have taken the correct coursework, and have acquired the knowledge needed to be successful in this summer research experience for undergraduates. Which of the following students do you fill the selection committee might seriously consider for these research experiences.
The answer is “e.” This research project is interdisciplinary. The word interdisciplinary means involving two or more fields of study. This project requires a student to have knowledge in biology (blood and the heart), physics (flow dynamics), and mathematics (at least through calculus). In answers a, b, and c, all of these students have taken the correct coursework and have been introduced to foundational information that would appropriately prepare them for this summer research project. It should be noted a, b and c also represents the coursework that most upper level biology, physics and mathematics majors are required to take. The answer d in not correct because any and all engineering majors, especially freshmen, may not have taken the required courses needed to be prepared for this internship.
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Chapter 11: How Science is Communicated I (Peer Reviewed Publications) Quiz
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Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of peer review?
The answer is “b.” The reason answer “b” is not part of the peer review process is because a scientist may have worked on a scientific project that was for pure intellectual knowledge with no immediate relevance to society. This is valid research which may be worthy of publishing. The other answers are part of the definition of peer review. Please review lecture slide three in the How Science is Communicated Part 1 lectures slide series.
Publishing in a peer reviewed journal can be a multi-step process. Which of the following answers best represents these steps?
The answer is “a”. Please review lecture slide four in the How Science is Communicated Part 1 lectures slide series.
The Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR) (http://www.cur.org/) is a national society with a mission to support and promote high-quality undergraduate student-faculty collaborative research. CUR publishes peer reviewed journals that reports research conducted on how to support, improve and expand on opportunities for undergraduate students to be involved in research. Suppose you, as an undergraduate student, worked with a research team consisting of a STEM professor and an educational psychologist, and you developed a detailed questionnaire to give to students who participated in the two-week makerspace research program that follows this on-line Scientific Literacy Center Pre-Freshman Program. After evaluating your data from this questionnaire, you discovered how much this program impacted the way students view college. Suppose you decided to submit this work to a CUR peer reviewed journal. One of the first decisions you must make is to determine which CUR journal you submit this work to. Which of the following CUR journals do you feel would be most appropriate to submit your work to?
The answer “a.” The two-week makerspace program is an ‘undergraduate research program; consequently, the journal titled Undergraduate Research Programs and Offices at first glance seems to be appropriate for submission. Of course the next step is read on-line the details about this journal to see if in fact it is appropriate.
In question number 3, you submitted your research to the CUR journal titled Undergraduate Research Programs and Offices. The manuscript you submitted passed the initial in-house assessment, and the external panel of peer reviewers felt that your project was very important, and other colleges would probably consider implementing this program at their institutions. However, the reviewers also felt that you should have surveyed more students to make sure your data is statistically solid. So the editorial decision was made to reject your manuscript. What do you think you should do now?
There is no absolute correct answer to this question, you could in fact make any of the above decisions; however, “c’ is probably your best choice to ultimately get your work published in the journal Undergraduate Research Programs and Offices. The reviewers thought the work was important, but you needed more data. If you submit to another journal, the peer reviewers would probably give the same critique. You should not abandon the idea of submitting this work, because the peer reviewers felt that other institutions would probably consider adopting this program. Finally writing a letter to the editor would probably not be successful, because it is important that peer reviewed articles be statistically solid.
Why do you suppose most peer reviewed journals require the author to include in their paper a “materials and methods” section?
The answer is “e.” Most peer reviewed research publications are designed to allow the reader to understand how the scientific method was involved in a particular research project. The “materials and methods” section informs the reader of the methods used to test the hypothesis. Without understanding how the hypothesis was tested, the efficacy of the work cannot be determined, and other scientists cannot repeat the work.
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Chapter 12: How Science is Communicated II (STEM Organizations and Conferences) Quiz
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Suppose you are pursuing an undergraduate degree in biology, and you are interested in attending graduate school to receive a Ph.D. in cell biology, and become a cell biologist. It just so happens that the American Society for Cell Biology conference is being held in your city this year. Your cell biology professor indicated that at this conference thousands of research projects will be presented, and that by attending this conference you can get a real idea of the vast array of research that is being conducted in cell biology. Your instructor also indicated that you may even discover an area in cell biology that you might want to pursue, or a researcher that you might wish to study under in graduate school. Upon attending this conference which sessions do you think would be most profitable to attend and meet scientist and hear about their research?
The answer is “e.” Oral and poster presentations are presented by the faculty members and researchers that conducted the work. In these sessions you will not only hear about the research, but have an opportunity to personally meet the researcher after the oral presentation or while discussing the poster. In contrast, the exhibit and recruiter section is designed to sale you something or recruit you, and workshops are designed to facilitate learning of a specific topic.
If you attended a scientific conference as an undergraduate student because you were interested in finding out about Ph.D. programs in graduate schools, what sessions at the conference might you attend?
The answer is “e.” In the recruiters’ session of a conference, not only are companies recruiting employees, but graduate schools are recruiting undergraduate students. Scientific conferences often have a variety of workshops which sometimes include workshops designed to assist undergraduates prepare for graduate school and get accepted into graduate school.